What sensors can detect water?


What sensors can detect water?

Hydrostatic pressure level sensors are submersible sensors used for measuring the level of liquids (including corrosive liquids) in deep tanks or water in reservoirs.

How does water leak detection cable work?

The water detection cable is activated by liquid* bridging the adjustable sensors. The cable can detect water film from zero height (water sensors turned out to make contact with the floor) to 1/8″ height (sensors turned all the way in).

What is leak detector solution?

Leak Detection Solution is the simplest and most economical visual gas leak detector for exposed surfaces. Simply spray on gas lines, cylinders, appliances any pressurized gas container or conduit. Bubbles appear at leak sites, remain for 15-30 minutes.

How does water leak detection work?

A leak detection system monitors the flow of water through a pipeline. When abnormal behavior is detected, the system cuts off the water flow to the entirety of the household by closing a valve within the leak detector. Leak detection systems are usually installed at the water’s point of entry into the home.2020-03-10

Why is leak detection expensive?

There are several factors go that go into the cost breakdown of water leak detection services, such as: Type of services needed. Costs for local material and equipment delivery to and from the job site. Costs to prepare the worksite for detection.

How does a rope sensor work?

These sensors make use of a cable around which a pair of sensing wires are concentrically wrapped. As with the spot leak sensor, any time a conductive fluid comes in contact with the cable, it completes an electrical circuit triggering the alarm condition indicating the presence of the fluid.

How does leak sensor work?

Leak detection systems work by monitoring water flow through either a mechanical turbine or ultrasonic wavelengths. These leak detection systems observe the pattern of the water flow, either by counting the gallonage passing through the sensor or sonically recording the time delay.2020-03-10

What is the use of leak detector?

Leak detectors, often called sniffers, are a class of instruments specially designed to find small leaks in enclosed gas systems. The use of pressurized gases in pipelines and vessels is very common in industrial or commercial settings.

How accurate is leak detection?

Leak detection is an accurate form of finding water leaks in your home. Utilising advanced equipment, leak detection can give an accuracy rate of upwards of 90%. This high accuracy rate means that minimal damage will be inflicted upon your home and that you can get the plumbing issue sorted as quickly as possible.2021-08-23

Can Arduino ultrasonic sensor detect water?

This Arduino water level indicator uses an ultrasonic sensor or Ping sensor to determine the level of water in the tank. The Ping sensor measures distance using sonar.2016-08-14

How does the hive leak sensor work?

The Hive Leak plan includes a Hive Leak Sensor, which works by detecting water flows from the mains into your home. It could be a small but steady flow of water (which might be a little leak) or a large flow of water (which might be a cracked pipe).

What is meant by leak detection?

Leak detection is a method in which the existence of a leak within a system is determined. The techniques are utilized across a wide range of systems where a container must seal in some material.2019-12-18

How does a leak test work?

In hard vacuum leak testing, a part or vessel is placed inside a sealed chamber. A vacuum pump removes all the atmosphere from the chamber and the part; the part is then filled with tracer gas, such as helium. The mass spectrometer then samples the air inside the test chamber for tracer gas escaping the part.

Can ultrasonic sensors detect water?

Ultrasonic Depth Sensors aren’t limited to only water detection and are used in a variety of applications including: Tank level measurement.2019-11-08

How much does it cost to have a leak detected?

Leak detection costs can vacillate. They can range from $75 to more than $350 depending on the type of leak detection equipment necessary to determine where the leak is. For natural reasons, the more complicated and deep the leak, the ostensibly more technical equipment, and expertise required.2019-08-14

How Do Leak Detection Systems Work? – Fresh Water Systems

Leak detection systems work by monitoring water flow through either a mechanical turbine or ultrasonic wavelengths. These leak detection systems observe the pattern of the water flow, either by counting the gallonage passing through the sensor or sonically recording the time delay.

How Do Leak Detection Systems Work? | Texas Green Plumbing

When installing a complete-home leak defense system, it’s important to have a reliable source of information. Most systems include a notification process, where certain sensors/alarms will also send an email or text message immediately, giving you specific information about which sensor was tripped, and what the problem is. Water Sensors

How Does Leak Detection Work? | MetalDetector.com

A leak water leak detector works by monitoring the flow of water either through a mechanical apparatus (like a small turbine), or through ultrasonic wavelengths. In both cases, the system will measure the amount of water passing through that system over a specific time.

How Do Leak Detection Systems Work – Plumbers Cape Town

The device can be connected to your water heater, for example, and when a leak is detected it will automatically shut the water heater off. The complete system will shut off the water main if a leak is detected. This is a more complicated installation since the wiring of the devices will have to be connected to the main control panel.

How Do Leak Detection Systems Work?

A sound is issued from a device which then calculates the location of a leak based on changes (a comparison or correlation) in the sound produced between the sensors. #4: Infrared thermography Pipes don’t just trap water (when they’re working properly). They also trap in the temperature – heat or cold – from the water itself.

Do Leak Detection Systems Really Work?

Do Leak Detection Systems Really Work? Because here’s the truth: leak detection systems can and do prevent a flooded basement. How do they work? A electronic or flow rate based valve is installed where the water comes into the house. When leaks are detected, either by sensors or by pressure drops, the valve shuts off all water to the house.

How Does Water Leak Detection Work? – Accurate Leak and Line

It can detect any water leaks that may exist in an underground plumbing system. This test involves placing an inflatable test ball into a structure’s main line sewer cleanout. It is then inflated and obstructs the main sewer line. The plumbing system is then filled with water up to its slab level. The water is observed for approximately 20 minutes.

Leak Detector: What Is It? How Does It Work? Types Of, Uses

The leak detection process involves the use of various types of sensors, detection devices, and equipment specifically designed for sensing and detecting errors in a self-contained system. The choice of a leak detector is dependent on the type of leaks, which are characterized by the speed gas or fluids move through a leak.

Water Leak Detection Systems | How They Work and More

The AquaTrip is a permanently installed automatic water leak detection and system shut-off device that will minimize water loss and reduce damages caused by leaks and burst or frozen pipes. The AquaTrip monitors the flow of water into a property and will automatically shut off the water supply if a leak is detected.

Whole House Water Leak Detection Systems

An automatic water shut-off device detects potential water leaks by either monitoring flows in the pipe or by detecting water on the floor. When flow is irregular or moisture is detected, the valve will automatically shut off the water supply to your home. This may help prevent a significant amount of the damage that water leaks can cause.

READ  What tests are done at 20 weeks pregnant?

How Leak Detection Systems Work – YouTube

Every year, plumbing leaks cause billions of dollars of property damage in the United States alone. According to the Insurance Information Institute, the ave

How Do Water Leak Detection Systems Help the Water

How Do Leak Detection Systems Work? Leak detection relies on a variety of technology to pinpoint the location of water loss in the system. Traditional audits begin with determining how much water is lost. According to researchers at the EPA, the average amount of water loss across America is 16 percent.

How does leak detection work? – Tribeca Plumbing, Inc.

A leak detection system is a way to monitor water pipelines and detects when there is activity beyond a normal flow. When it detects any abnormal activity, it shuts the water off to the entire house. It does this by closing a valve that is within the leak detector systems that is installed at the point of entry for the water into the house.

How do Smart Water Leak Detectors Work? – Ferguson

Smart leak detection systems can give your customers the peace of mind that if a leak is detected in their home or property, the water can be shut off in about five seconds depending on the brand of the smart leak detector. This can help them save thousands of dollars in property damage, and this can also help your residential service business.

Leak Detection Systems: PermaScan Embedded Moisture Monitoring

Monitors during construction for moisture intrusion The PermaScan-C (for Conventional Assemblies) system detects moisture at the vapor barrier The PermaScan-I (for Inverted Assemblies) system detects breaches in the waterproofing Produces timely detection to minimize damage caused by hidden moisture

What Is an Electronic Leak Detector and How Does It Work

An electronic leak detector is a unit that senses the different sound frequencies of water from a leak. A trained plumber deciphers these sounds to determine the exact leak source. It is a widely-used residential plumbing tool to locate leaks in toilets, drains, steam pipes, irrigation, and other plumbing systems.

What is leak detection system? – AskingLot.com

Click to see full answer. Consequently, how do leak detection systems work? The principle behind electronic leak detection is that all leaks produce sounds. An electronic leak detector is equipped with a transducer that is sensitive to sounds coming from a system of pipes. If a sound registers on the machine, it is transmitted to the security system at a higher frequency.

What is non-invasive leak detection & how does it work

What is non-invasive leak detection & how does it work? Water leaks and main breaks are on the rise due to deteriorating water systems left unchecked. On average, these leaks run undetected for more than six months before it surfaces. The consequence of undetected leaks can be severe with up to 15-30% of treated potable water is lost through

How Does Electronic Leak Detection Work? – Shamrock

An electronic leak detection system operates on that principle known as acoustics or the principles of sounds. The electronic machine that is attached to a building’s security system registers the sound made by leaks since it picks up sound waves and transmits their originating site using the safety system installed.

How Does a Leak Detection Pump (LDP) Work in a Car?

LDP’s Working Mechanism The LDP pumps pressurized air inside the EVAP system, which then performs diagnosis for leaks. The pump works with the help of several components: a vent valve, a diaphragm, a vacuum solenoid, a sensor, and several one-way valves. The pump moves the diaphragm in an up and down motion with the help of the vacuum.

Hydrocarbon Leak Detection Technologies – What to Consider

Long wave IR cameras that can measure and relay temperature differentials of a field of view are used to observe abnormal temperature signatures generally seen in high pressure leaks. Using integral analytics, the cameras can detect and image the vaporization stemming from a leak and automatically generate alarms based on the leaks behavior.

How to Spot Frozen Pipes with a Water Leak Detector

Types of Leak Detection Systems. Since vacation homes are unoccupied for most of the year, necessary measures need to be in place to ensure the maintenance of the house does not get out of hand. Even though a leak detection system is important for residential homes, it’s easy to detect such leaks by observing the water pressure.

How Do Water Leak Detectors Work? | American Family Insurance

How Does a Smart Home Water Sensor Work? Water damage is a common cause of homeowner insurance claims. But most damage — and costs — can actually be prevented with early detection systems, which is exactly what these smart home water sensor systems do.

How does an electronic leak detector work?

How does an electronic leak detector work? The principle behind electronic leak detection is that all leaks produce sounds. The electronic machine that is attached to a building’s security system registers the sound made by leaks since it picks up sound waves and transmits their originating site using the safety system installed.

PDF Leak Detection System Options – Milton Roy

The mROY metering pump optional leak detection system monitors the condition of . the pump’s diaphragm to prevent cross-contamination of the process fluid and the pump’s hydraulic system. This optional feature comes with either a pressure gauge or switch that is connected to the pump head between redundant diaphragms. During

Leak Detection System – Home – Leak Detection system

A leak detection system monitors the flow of water through a pipeline. When abnormal behavior is detected, the system cuts off the water flow to the entirety of the household by closing a valve within the leak detector. Leak detection systems are programmable, letting you customize shut-off settings based on your household’s water usage patterns.

How Gas Leak Detectors Work – MS Fire Systems

Heated diode gas leak detectors operate on the principle that a small electrical current is produced when halogenated gases—commonly used as refrigerants—come into contact with a heated ceramic diode. That current, in turn, triggers an alarm. Heated diode sensors are very sensitive.

Acoustic Leak Detection: How Does it Work? – GPRS Resources

Advantages of Acoustic Leak Detection. The first and most important advantage of acoustic leak detection is it’s a non-invasive technique, which means it eliminates the need to dig out the ground or remove any structures just to check the physical characteristics of the pipeline system.

How Do Leak Detectors Work and How They Save Your Home!

That’s why a leak detector in your plumbing system can save you hundreds or even thousands of bucks worth of repair costs in the future. So let us learn how do leak detectors work and more about these compact pieces of equipment.

How Electronic Leak Detection Works

When you contract with a leak detection company, the expectation is that they will identify a concealed leak as close as possible to the source, so that a repair can be made. You might think that a trained leak detection technician is only looking for water when looking for a leak, but the truth is, water isn’t always easily found. It’s technology that makes it possible to pinpoint a leak.

How HVAC Leak Detection Works – Spectroline

How does HVAC/R Leak Detection work? Leaks in any size AC&R system; residential, commercial or large industrial facilities, can very quickly become a major concern. Too often, the true consequences of not having a reliable leak detection/preventive maintenance program in place can go unappreciated until it is too late.

READ  What are the black crystals inside geodes?

All About Leak Sensors – How They Work and Their Applications

While flow leak sensors can detect the presence of a leak condition, by themselves they can’t directly indicate the location of the leak. Leak detection systems that combine a flow leak sensor with spot leak sensors, connected via the internet, can provide monitoring and control to both detect and react to potential leaks.

How Do Infrared Refrigerant Leak Detectors Work

Now, do keep in mind that there are always are surprises when diagnosing a unit and you very well may end up needing an alternative leak detection method in some cases. The point that I am trying to make here though is that the use of these other detection methods will drastically decline with the purchase of an infrared refrigerant leak detector.

Methods of Leak Detection for Underground Storage Tanks

Any one method of leak detection has the potential to miss an event, or its magnitude, if solely relied upon. It is best practice to build a system with multiple leak detection methods incorporated and manage it through the Automatic Tank Gauge.

Leak Detection Sensing Cable & Spot Detectors – How Are

Spot detectors work best with zone leak detection controllers, that indicate a general area where a leak is present. Leak detection cable is designed to find leaks in more expansive areas, where the path of a leak may not be easy to predetermine. Leak detection cable is ideal for open areas, and can be used to encapsulate areas of concern.

Hydrocarbon Leak Detection Technologies – What to Consider

The thermal sensor provides the leak detection alarms, while the optical sensor gives the operator a chance to visually verify the situation before taking action. What to Consider . As mentioned earlier, a comprehensive hydrocarbon leak detection system will likely be comprised of multiple leak detection technologies.

What Is Helium Leak Detection | HVS

Helium Leak Detection. A helium leak detector, also known as a Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector (MSLD), is used to locate and measure the size of leaks into or out of a system or containing device. The tracer gas, helium, is introduced to a test part that is connected to the leak detector. The helium leaking through the test part enters through

Refrigerant Leak Detection Systems for Chiller Rooms

Refrigerant Leak Detection Systems for Chiller Rooms Chiller rooms can be found in virtually all types of commercial buildings (including hospitals, office buildings, and residential buildings) to regulate temperatures and keep mechanical and electrical equipment running properly.

HVAC Leak Detection – HVAC Beginners

Hvac leak detection can be one of the hardest parts of being an Hvac Technician.Some refrigerant leaks will stand out at you, sometimes you can see traces of oil around the compressor, indicating a refrigerant leak, or sometimes you can smell the gas and pin point it from there. But what about those tiny leaks that only seem to grow over the years.

Electronic Leak Detection: Sound Science, Not a Magic Wand

Technically advanced automated leak detection systems are also available. Typically these systems use leak detection sensors that are installed in the roof assembly during construction, and allow continuous monitoring of roof assembly performance. Any developing maintenance issues are quickly identified and reported for action.

What Does the Leak Detection Pump Do? – LiveAbout

Leak Detection Pump (LDP) Components . The main purpose of the LDP is to pressurize the fuel system for leak checking. It closes the EVAP system vent to atmospheric pressure so the system can be pressurized for leak testing. The diaphragm is powered by engine vacuum. It pumps air into the EVAP system to develop a pressure of about 7.5′ H20(1/4

Ultrasonic Leak Detection: How Does it Work?

Ultrasonic Leak Detection . How does it work??? As the name implies ultrasonic leak detectors detect the ultrasonic sound of a leak. You are probably familiar with the hissing sound a large leak makes. Smaller leaks also emit sound, however the frequency is too high for our ears to detect it.

PDF June 2000 Understanding Line Leak Detection Systems

June 2000 Understanding Line Leak Detection Systems This booklet contains information about line leak detectors (LLDs). Although the booklet is intended primarily to assist local agency in-spectors, tank owners and operators, consultants, and contractors may also find this information useful. It will discuss the technological

How To Do Water Leak Detection Like A Plumbing Pro – YouTube

Water leak detection is ALWAYS a source of push back when working with homeowners who are trying to sell a house. The reason? A lot of misinformation has bee

How Do Water Leak Detectors Work? – ThinkGlink

The sensors are able to detect leaks and if they detect a leak, they send a signal to a water shut off mechanism at your water main to move the valve to shut off the water supply. (Guardian Leak Prevention System with three leak detectors sells for around $400 and you can install it yourself.)

Leak Detection System – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Within the United States, leak detection system training is also a regulatory requirement, as outlined in 49 CFR 195.444. When considering the range of personnel who work with the leak detection system, such as controllers, engineers, analysts, technicians, and so forth, there is a corresponding wide range of required training.

Learn How Your New Wifi Water Leak Detector Works – LeakSmart

How do we make leak detection and protection easy? LeakSmart is a smart home solution that detects water leaks and shuts off a home’s water main in 5 seconds or less, protecting your home and everything in it from the devastation of water damage.

About Leak Detection & Automatic Water Shut Off Systems

Automatic Water Shutoff Valves and/or Leak Detection Systems safeguard your home and prevent damage from water leaks. An automatic water shut-off valve detects water either by monitoring flows in the pipe or by detecting water on the floor. When flow is irregular or moisture is detected, the valve will shut off the water supply to your home.

Can a Leak Detection System Reduce Home Insurance Claims?

Some systems work to monitor the movement of water through the home. And, as a result, it can turn off a valve if the water line feeding into the home has water pressure that is too high. By doing this, it helps to prevent water damage and leaks from occurring. Often, this type of leak detection system can provide incredible insight to homeowners.

Atmos International – Pipeline leak detection

A leak in a water pipeline can be costly, especially with the cost of having to pay for ‘lost’ water’ before it reaches consumers. However, these losses are often difficult to find, therefor accurate and reliable leak detection systems are hugely beneficial to reduce water loss.

Best Water Leak and Flood Detection Monitoring Systems

How does a water leak detector work? A water leak detector or a sensor detects water by completing the circuit between two wires at the end of a lead or between two probe points. When the detection state changes, a water sensor will immediately turn on the radio and send data to a wireless gateway.

Leak detection – Wikipedia

Pipeline leak detection is used to determine if and in some cases where a leak has occurred in systems which contain liquids and gases. Methods of detection include hydrostatic testing, infrared, and laser technology after pipeline erection and leak detection during service.. Pipeline networks are a mode of transportation for oil, gases and other fluid products.

READ  What happened to Charles M Schwab?

The Best Smart Water Leak Detectors for 2022 | PCMag

For whole-home protection, look for a leak detection system that monitors your entire water delivery system. These types of systems are usually installed in-line, in an area close to your water meter.

Electronic Pressurized Line Leak Detection System – Veeder

The Veeder-Root Electronic Pressurized Line Leak Detection (PLLD) system is designed to meet your everyday compliance needs. Our patented technology performs precision line leak testing at full pump pressure for 0.1 and 0.2 gallons per hour (gph) and a pressure decay test to meet the U.S. EPA 3.0 gph test requirements.

The Complete Guide to Pool Leak Detection – Pool Care Guy

Pool Leak Detection FAQs How does pool leak detection work? Finding a pool leak yourself is sometimes pretty hard to do, especially if it’s a tiny little liner tear or puncture. But we listed 2 methods to try. These both include different steps to find the most common types of leaks.

How To Do Water Leak Detection – Texas Green Plumbing

How To Do Water Leak Detection Water Leak Detection is always a pushback when trying to sell a house. The reason is, misinformation is spread about how water leak detection is performed. This causes people to not have proper tests and homebuyers having plumbing issues. This blog teaches you how to properly do leak detection and how it can save homebuyers money.

Oil – TTK Leak Detection – Liquid Leak Detection Systems

TTK in response with oil leak detection system. TTK oil leak detection system in the Oil & Gas industry is specially designed to be installed in different environments, such as tank farms, pipelines, airports and refineries. The system is capable of detecting gasoline, fuel, diesel, crude oil, and jet fuel amongst others.

How Using Fluorescent Dyes for Leak Detection Benefits

Methods of preventative maintenance – such as ultraviolet fluorescent leak detection – can accurately detect leaks in your vehicle’s fluid-based systems. Comprehensive, multi-color dye kits are designed for the total inspection of a vehicle’s critical fluids – such as power steering fluid, transmission fluid, coolant, and more.

Leak Detection | Mr Leak Detector

Leak Detection. How Long Does Leak Detection Take in Melbourne? [Simple Time-Saving Tips] kala-admin 2022-01-18T11:32:50+08:00. Leak Detection. |. We’ve put together this handy guide to show you where leaks are common, what warning signs to leak out for, and how long it takes to catch leaking taps, toilets, hot water systems, and more.

Acoustic Leak Detection | WaterWorld

Integration of acoustic leak detection with other systems takes many forms. Echologics is integrating it with the utility’s work order management system in order to achieve more efficient scheduling. Stacey believes that this technology is a strong candidate for the trend in machine learning: artificial intelligence.

How Gas Detectors Work – Thomasnet

A gas detector measures and indicates the concentration of certain gases in the air via different technologies. Typically employed to prevent toxic exposure and fire, gas detectors are often battery-operated devices used for safety purposes. They are manufactured as portable or stationary (fixed) units and work by signifying high levels of gases through a series of audible or visible

Underground Storage Tank (UST) Monitoring Systems

How do Tank Monitoring Systems work? ATG probe being installed in the aboveground storage tank. All tank monitoring systems have at least a magnetostrictive probe, interstitial or annular sensors, and sump leak detection sensors. A magnetostrictive probe is permanently mounted in a 4-inch opening at the tank top. Two floats on the probe are

Leak Defense System | Water Damage & Leak Protection

The Leak Defense System is the best effective plumbing water leak detector/ detection feat automatic water shut-off valve on the market! Call today 866.410.1134

Water Leak Detection Cable | Water Rope Sensor | Water Alert®

Water Alert® – Leak Detection Cable. Dorlen’s water sensor cable is a multi-conductor wire with embedded gold-plated sensors every 3 feet. Cable sensors act as extensions of the sensing probes in the Water Alert detector. One or two sensor cables can be connected to any Standard Series Water Alert detector ( not for use with VR Series ).

Water Leak Detection System for Data Center & Server Room

Leak Detection System For Data Center. Water leak detection System or Water leak detector is one of most important alarm equipment when it comes to Datacenter safety. Leak detection system is an equipment which detects water leak at very early stage and send alert to user. This equipment is essential in server room since every data center consists of Precision air conditioner which need at

4 Leak Detection Techniques in Food Packaging

Gas leak detection is suitable for tracing holes in food packaging materials. Over time, it has become a useful leak detection technique in food packaging. The method is also appropriate for commercial and industrial leak detection. Helium, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide are some of the gases that undergo gas leak detection test.

Daikin new Leak Detection function – Daikin Applied Europe

That is the new Leak Detection function, which is now available as part of the Daikin on Site (DoS), the cloud-based remote monitoring and control system by Daikin. About Daikin on Site Daikin On Site (DoS) is a remote monitoring tool, that can provide 24/7 real time data, all year round, tracking chiller plants operations and their correct

Release Detection for Underground Storage Tanks (USTs

A manual vapor or groundwater monitoring device that doesn’t work properly means you have no reliable leak detection system. Inaccurate data from poorly operated and maintained measuring devices can make SIR methods unable to usefully detect leaks in a timely manner.

How Does A Central Heating System Work?

As the original leak detection company we have been finding central heating leaks for many years, in this article we discuss how central heating systems work.Often people only start looking into central heating problems when the heating stops working, which on most occasions is due to low boiler pressure, or maybe a big leak!. Central heating systems are examples of equipment we take for

Goldak 777-B Leak Detector with Three Microphone Probes

Goldak 777-B Leak Detector – Preferred by experienced underground leak locating professionals for decades.The 777-B model is a complete Leak Detection System – all three available microphone probes are included. Be ready to handle all environments you may encounter! The 777-B Leak Detector is highly sensitive with an advanced low noise circuitry which provides clear and more accurate results.

What is a Sump Pump and How Does It Work? – Fresh Water

The pump is equipped with valves that sense escalating water levels or pressure. When the water gets too high, sump pumps automatically pump excess water out of the basement and away from your property using a discharge line. This line, called an effluent, connects the sump pump to a designated drainage area.

How Long Does It Take to Detect a Leak on an Oil or Gas

He is the inventor of the Pressure Point Analysis® leak detection system as well as the Locator® high-accuracy, low-bandwidth leak location system. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in five states and has worked on a broad scope of projects worldwide. His work has produced three books, numerous articles, and four patents.

The most frequently asked questions – Oxipack Leak Detection

The Oxipack leak testing equipment can detect very small perforations in vacuum packaging and soft packages down to 10 micron (µm). That’s one-hundredth of a millimetre. This places the equipment as the most accurate non-destructive